{"id":11653,"date":"2024-03-27T08:35:52","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T07:35:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/presentation-by-jose-mari-esparza\/"},"modified":"2024-03-27T09:11:37","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T08:11:37","slug":"presentation-by-jose-mari-esparza","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/presentation-by-jose-mari-esparza\/","title":{"rendered":"Presentation by Jose Mari Esparza"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11653\" class=\"elementor elementor-11653 elementor-11058\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1c5b1c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1c5b1c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3a4a24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3a4a24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b19a88e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b19a88e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6838b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a6838b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 18-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"623\" src=\"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Jose-Mari-Esparza.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11060\" alt=\"Jose Mari Esparza\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Jose-Mari-Esparza.webp 945w, https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Jose-Mari-Esparza-300x198.webp 300w, https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Jose-Mari-Esparza-600x396.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1099eb9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1099eb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c90ee5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"c90ee5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-6acce4be3a6e9\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading pos-rel\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"ld-fh-element d-inline-block pos-rel  elementor-heading-title lqd-highlight-classic lqd-highlight-grow-left h2\"  > Jose Mari Esparza Zabalegi <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a80fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a80fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 18-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Born in Tafalla (1951), Esparza completed a master\u2019s degree in industrial engineering at the Salesians College in Pamplona and worked at the foundry Victorio Luzuriaga located in his home town. Since 1985, he has been an active member of the operative group behind the association Altaffaylla Kultur Taldea. He collaborated with Jimeno Jur\u00edo and edited the first books on historical memory, such as <em>Navarra 1936<\/em>, a pioneer in i\u00adts genre.<\/p><p>Since 1988, he has directed the publishing house \u00adTxalaparta, with a catalogue of more than 1,300 books, both in Basque and Spanish. Over the last 30 years, he has promoted several magazines, associations, foundations and publishing houses. In addition, he has written or collaborated in more than 30 books related to local customs (folk song tradition, jota songs, lexicon), Basque history, political-historical essays, as well as Basque cartography.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7f504 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0a7f504\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afbf5e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-hub_fancy_heading\" data-id=\"afbf5e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"hub_fancy_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"ld-fancy-heading-6acce4be3b667\" class=\"ld-fancy-heading pos-rel\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"ld-fh-element d-inline-block pos-rel  elementor-heading-title lqd-highlight-classic lqd-highlight-grow-left h2\"  > Oral cartography<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7aac05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7aac05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It was in 2011 that my first cartographical book came out. Back then, I expressed my bewilderment at the lack of an atlas that integrated the abundant cartography which featured the full extent of our territory, regardless of its various names, i.e Vasconia, Navarre, Basque Country, the Basque region, Basqueland or whatever other name comes to mind in English when referring to what has been called in Basque for centuries: <em>Euskal Herria<\/em>.<\/p><p>That first approach, undertaken with other goals and urges in mind, provided the basis to continue calling on cartographic repositories and specialised collections from all over the world, until we put together a collection on a par with many atlases, generally published under the sponsorship and patronage of universities, sovereign states, autonomous regions or major institutions.<\/p><p>Along the way, I had the chance to meet Ram\u00f3n Oleaga, as erudite in cartography as he is passionate about his country. This Atlas is a result from this amalgamation between a Biscayan from Bilbao and a Navarrese from the <em>Ager vasconum<\/em> area, which I am confident, will set a milestone in the bibliography and cartography in our land.<\/p><p>A map, says my friend, professor and historian Juan Madariaga, not only represents the territory, but also produces it. Cartography transcends its mere instrumental character and often becomes a cultural artefact, fulfilling an important ideological task of internal and external identification. It is also an important indicator of how to understand the views held on a given country, in this case, ancient Vasconia, throughout history.<\/p><p>Hundreds of maps reveal to us cartography for the whole territory in spite of our administrative fragmentation, produced firstly by two different states, often locked in conflict, and secondly, paving the way to a variety of territorial denominations, such as the Kingdom of Navarre, the Basque Provinces, or Lower Navarre, also named <em>Ultrapuertos<\/em>. These circumstances left us wondering as to what the most suitable title for this Atlas would be. It is a country of a hundred names, as Wilhelm von Humboldt lamented back in 1805. The very first name for the country, or coronym, Wasconia, (\u201cUUasconia\u201d) was to be followed by many others, sometimes written on maps and with many spoken and written forms in what I have called \u201coral cartography\u201d.<\/p><p>Thus, in the 2nd century A.D., the geographer Ptolemy identified the territory of the Vascones in his work for the first time, the earliest known ancestors of modern-day Basques. The Latin poet Prudentius, born in the Vascon city of Calagurris, or Calahorra, called the Ebro the \u201cBasque River\u201d. Around 393, Paulinus of Nola already referred to the <em>Vasconiae saltus<\/em>. Pliny wrote about the <em>Vasconun Saltus<\/em> while Livy about the <em>Vasconum Ager<\/em>. These two regions roughly represent the Highlands and Lowlands of Vasconia, which largely occupied the area of present-day Navarre. Ancient Vasconia stretched from the Pyrenees, with access to the sea through Hondarribia and Oiartzun, all the way down to the right bank of the Ebro, including Calahorra, and eastern La Rioja. From east to west, it extended from the lands of Huesca and Zaragoza, with towns such as Segia (Ej\u00e9a de los Caballeros) and Salduba, up to the borders of the Varduli, Caristii and Autrigones.<\/p><p>This Vasconia at the outset, the territory of the Vascones, later spread to all the territories occupied by Basque tribes. By the 6th century A.D., the modern-day Basque Autonomous Community, Northern Basque Country and Roman-period Aquitania Prima were also considered to be Vasconia. However, its meaning gradually shifted to denote the name of the part north of the Pyrenees, until it was reduced to the area south of the river Garonne, which became known as Vasconia, Wasconia and eventually Gascony.<\/p><p>On some maps, we shall see the name \u201cNavarre\u201d covering the whole of the territory, as noted in some ancient texts, for instance, an English document from 1190: \u201cThe land of the king of Navarre begins at a port called Huarce [Oiartzun] and extends to the waters of Castro [Urdiales, today located in the autonomous community of Kantabria], which is divided between the land of the king of Navarre and that of the king of Castile.<\/p><p>In 1571, the priest and writer Joanes de Leizarraga, born in the province of Lapurdi, or Labourd, mentions <em>Heuscal-herria<\/em> for the first time, which was confirmed as <em>eusquel erria<\/em> by the Alava-born Joan P\u00e9rez de Lazarraga, who lived south of the Pyrenees, at just about the same years.<\/p><p>In 1638, in his <em>Notitia utriusque Vasconiae<\/em>, the poet, lawyer and historian Arnaut Oihenart referred to the two Vasconias: \u201cas for the Basques, some live in Iberia, on this side of the Pyrenees, others in Aquitaine, beyond the Pyrenees. On this side, the Navarrese live, the people of Jaca, Alava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay; beyond the Pyrenees, the Gascons and the <em>Basques<\/em>\u201d, referring by the latter to the Navarrese from <em>Ultrapuertos<\/em>. In 1643, the work <em>Gero<\/em>, written by the Navarrese writer Pedro Axular, provided a more precise and modern description of the Basque Country: \u201c<em>\u00c7eren anhitz moldez eta differentqui min\u00e7at\u00e7en baitira euscal herrian, Naffarroa garayan, Naffarroa beherean, \u00c7uberoan, Lappurdin, Bizcayan, Guipuzcoan, Alaba-herrian, eta bert\u00e7e anhitz lekhutan<\/em>\u201d, namely, the present-day seven Basque districts \u201cand many other places\u201d.<\/p><p>In Romance languages, names for the whole territory vary from one author to another. \u201cKantabria (&#8230;) is the land of the Ebro, and the Ocean Sea, and the Provinces of Gipuzkoa, Biscay, Alava, and this Kingdom [of Navarre] as far as France\u201d, wrote Antonio Chavier in <em>Fueros del Reyno de Navarra<\/em> in 1686. Miguel de Cervantes, following the usage during the period, called all Basques <em>Biscaynes<\/em> and, in his comedy <em>La gran sultana<\/em> (1615), he pointed out that Biscay is located \u201con the border of Navarre, [lying] next to Spain\u201d.<\/p><p>Kantabria, Biscay, or Navarre. Some authors noted that all Basques were called Navarrese in the Catalan Countries, without distinction. A considerable number of maps feature Navarre covering the whole territory, a tradition that lasted at least until Sabino Arana, who left a record of it. Adding to the multiplicity of names, the Deputation of the Kingdom of Navarre, its governmental council, called in 1672 \u201call of the Basque Nation\u201d as \u201cits children and natives and those of the Most Noble Seignory of Biscay and the Provinces of Gipuzkoa and Alava\u201d.<\/p><p>Throughout the 18th century, new names emerged in addition to the previous ones for the whole of the territory. In 1712, Joanes Etxeberri made an appeal to \u201c<em>Escual Herria<\/em> and all the Basques\u201d, adding in 1718 that \u201cthe areas presently named Basque, where Basque language is spoken, extend only over the greatest part of Upper Navarre, Lower Navarre, Zuberoa, Lapurdi, Gipuzkoa, Biscay and the province of Alava\u201d. In 1745, Manuel Larramendi made a similar definition, proposed a new name and, for the first time, he gave it a political aim: \u201cWhat reason is there for this privileged nation not to be a separate nation, a nation in its own right, a nation exempt from and independent of the others? (&#8230;) Why should three provinces of Spain, namely, Gipuzkoa, Alava and Biscay, not to mention the Kingdom of Navarre, be dependent on Castile, and three others, Lapurdi, Zuberoa and Lower Navarre, be dependent on France? Let us demand this from both, and we shall call ourselves the United Provinces of the Pyrenees\u201d.<\/p><p>In 1786, Diego Lazkano translated the <em>Ensayo sobre la nobleza de los Bascongados<\/em> (\u201cEssay on the Nobility of the Bascongados\u201d), which accurately defined the territory: \u201cUnder the name of <em>Bascongados<\/em> today, we include the inhabitants of Upper Navarre, as well as those of Alava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay, who recognise the King of Spain, and the inhabitants of Lower Navarre, and those of Zuberoa and Lapurdi, who obey the crown of France. All these peoples have the same language, which the Castilians call <em>Bascuenze<\/em>, the French term Basque, and what the natives of the Country call <em>Huscara<\/em> or <em>Heuscara<\/em>\u201d.<\/p><p>In the 19th century, the cartography of the country became more precise and abundant, in accordance with the vision provided by travellers, military figures, anthropologists and linguists. Far from becoming unified, the number of names in Romance languages for the territory expanded: \u201cNavarre and the Basque Provinces are called the United Provinces of Spain (\u2026) who, despite inhabiting either side of the French-Spanish border, show a totally peculiar character and aspect, distinct from France and Spain\u201d, as set down by Wilhelm Von Humboldt in 1801.<\/p><p>In 1817, the French traveller and scholar, Victor Joseph \u00c9tienne Jouy provided another precise sketch of the Basque Country which, a few years later, especially after the First Carlist War, was borne out in a rich kind of cartography: \u201cThe Basques live on the opposite slopes of the western Pyrenees. The greater part of this nation is subject to Spain and make up the population of Navarre, Alava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. The French Basques occupy a small territory along the northern Pyrenees divided into three regions named Lower Navarre [<em>Benabarre<\/em>], Zuberoa [<em>Soule<\/em>] and Lapurdi [<em>Labour<\/em>], which constitute with the Bearn the department or province of the Lower Pyrenees\u201d.<\/p><p>In the same way that in this century German cartography approached us with interest and professionalism, travellers and scientists frequently wrote about the enigmatic territory of the Basques. In his book <em>Z\u00fcge durch die Hochgebirge und Th\u00e4ler der Pyren\u00e4en<\/em> (Berlin, 1825), Wilhelm von L\u00fcdemann states that \u201cthe greatest part of them recognises the sceptre of Spain, inhabiting almost exclusively the provinces of Upper Navarre, Alava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, arranged in the form of a ring around the Bay of Biscay. The smaller territory \u2013not exceeding 70,000 families\u2013 comprises the population of the French department of the Lower Pyrenees (&#8230;) The Basques themselves set their territory apart, which they call <em>Hescual-herriac<\/em> (&#8230;) the Basques know no homeland outside their mountains\u201d.<\/p><p>The 19th century represents the period of the encyclopaedic dictionaries. In 1833, the <em>Dictionnaire de la Conversation<\/em>, compiled by Eug\u00e8ne Garay de Monglave, was published in Paris. The work revived a coronym then in disuse: Kantabria. As he described, \u201cpresent-day Kantabria, whose population may number some 800,000 individuals, grouped on the main heights approaching both sides of the Pyrenees, is made up of seven provinces, three of which are in Spain and four in France\u201d. He also fancifully comments that \u201cthe three Spanish provinces are Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Upper Navarre, in Basque <em>Nafarrua<\/em>, the vineyard country. The French provinces are the <em>Labur<\/em>, Laphhur-duy, solitude; Lower Navarre, in Basque, <em>Garazi<\/em> (sic), country of numerous springs; the country of Mixe, <em>Amieuze<\/em>, and Soule, <em>Zuberoa<\/em> (&#8230;) Whether they occupy the north or the south of the Pyrenees, the Basques have an appearance of a foreign colony nestled in Spanish and French provinces. Their blood, their customs, their language, their habits, erect a barrier between them and everything around them\u201d.<\/p><p>The Spanish dictionaries point in the same direction: \u201cThese countries, the last remnants of the ancient Iberian race, occupy both sides of the western Pyrenees, between France and Spain, which make up a population of approximately 918,000 souls, distributed in seven provinces, with four being Spanish, and three being French\u201d, as was explained in the 1883 <em>Diccionario General Etimol\u00f3gico de la Lengua Espa\u00f1ola<\/em>. Five years later, the <em>Nov\u00edsimo Diccionario Enciclop\u00e9dico de la Lengua Castellana<\/em> informed that the Basques \u201cinhabit either side of the Pyrenees\u2013the three so-called Basque Provinces, the French countries of Lapurdi and Zuberoa, as well as Upper and Lower Navarre, i.e. the Spanish and French Navarre\u201d. Along with these definitions, this \u201coral cartography\u201d crystallizes and fills in a plethora of maps that emerged during this period.<\/p><p>19th century Basque-language oral and written literature is not without descriptive examples such as this by the writer Jean Martin Hiribarren in 1853:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Nafarroa-Behera, Chubero, Laphurdi<\/em><br \/><em>Franciari citzaizcon partitetan geldi<\/em><br \/><em>Espa\u00f1iaco dire Nafarroa gora<\/em><br \/><em>Alaba, Guipuzcoa, Bizcaia ederra<\/em><\/p><p>Both the journalist and linguist Agosti Xaho and the philanthropist Anton Abbadia, or Abbadie, a major driving force behind the Floral Games, or Basque festivals, which were established in 1851, highlighted the unity of the seven traditional districts. They lay the ground for the design of the successful <em>Zazpiak Bat<\/em>, \u201cThe Seven Make One\u201d coat of arms, by the end of the century. Both the design and the motto did not go unnoticed by the writer and firebrand from Bilbao Sabino Arana, who borrowed and expanded on the idea.<\/p><p>With the rise of pro-<em>fueros<\/em> (native laws and institutions) and Basque cultural movements, many Navarrese and Basques alike echoed the same description and binding ties within the territory in question: \u201cAll of us Basques from France and Spain \u2013noted in Basque the priest and poet Grazian Adema <em>Zaldubi<\/em> in 1894\u2013, share the same family (\u2026) with the seven Basque countries banded together, All Seven making up just one. Lapurdi, Lower Navarre, Zuberoa, in France; Navarre, Gipuzkoa and Biscay and Alava, in Spain\u201d.<\/p><p>By this time, a proper Basque cartography covering the whole of the territory was underway. This autochthonous mapping was promoted by new cultural institutions established in the country, such as Eusko Ikaskuntza, the Basque Studies Society, with the support of the provincial councils, the provincial governments. Abroad, books and travel guides disseminate the cartography and oral definitions of the Basque Country, <em>Baskenland<\/em>, <em>Paesi Baschi<\/em>, <em>Pays Basque<\/em> or other, such as this one by Romilly and Katharine Fedden: \u201cZaspiak-bat, <em>l\u2019Eskual Herria<\/em> of Basque song and story. Of these, three are in France: Labourd, capital Bayonne; Basse-Navarre, capital St, Jean-Pied-de-Port; La Soule, capital Maul\u00e9on; and four are in Spain: Guipuzcoa, capital San Sebastian; Biscaye, capital Bilbao; Alava, capital Vittoria; and Navarre, capital Pampeluna\u201d (<em>The Basque Country<\/em>, London, 1921).<\/p><p>Not even in times of greater centralisation and persecution of peripheral identities did the outline of the Basque Country cease to be published. As the Basque writer P\u00edo Baroja noted in his 1953 work <em>El Pa\u00eds Vasco<\/em>, \u201cfour are the provinces that make up the Spanish Basque Country: Alava, Gipuzkoa, Navarre and Biscay, whose respective capitals are Vitoria, Donostia, Iru\u00f1ea and Bilbao. Three provinces make up the French Basque Country: Lapurdi, Lower Navarre and Zuberoa\u201d. Similar definitions can be found among Falangist writers such as Manuel Iribarren Paternain (<em>Navarra, ensayo de biograf\u00eda<\/em>, 1956) or in the work of Tudela-born Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Iribarren (<em>Vocabulario Navarro<\/em>, 1952): \u201c<em>Euskalerria<\/em>: name given to the Basque Country; that is, Biscay, Gipuzkoa, Alava and Navarre in Spain, and Lapurdi, <em>Benabarre<\/em> (Lower Navarre) and Zuberoa in the French Basque Country. In Basque, <em>Euskalherria<\/em> means \u2018people of the <em>Euskos<\/em> or Basques\u2019\u201d. These traditional sources were later used by the <em>Enciclopedia Salvat<\/em> (1967), the <em>Enciclopedia Larousse<\/em> (1972), the <em>Espasa-Calpe<\/em> (1994) and other knowledge repositories, all with very similar definitions.<\/p><p>This Atlas is dedicated to the Basque territory. An area that, at times, extends in cartography as far as Asturias and parts of La Rioja, Huesca or B\u00e9arn, and, at others, appears divided into provincial maps or political subdivisions, take, for instance, the Kingdom of Navarre, the Basque Provinces (\u201cVascongadas\u201d), or the <em>Pays Basque<\/em> on the northern side of the Pyrenees. Nevertheless, in the end, it has always encompassed a people who have been perfectly defined down through the centuries, over and above the plethora of names Von Humboldt regretted, as ancient Vasconia in the Romance languages and, as <em>Euskal Herria<\/em> in its native language.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecfb40a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ecfb40a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9195e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d9195e2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jose Mari Esparza Zabalegi Born in Tafalla (1951), Esparza completed a master\u2019s degree in industrial engineering at the Salesians College in Pamplona and worked at the foundry Victorio Luzuriaga located in his home town. Since 1985, he has been an active member of the operative group behind the association Altaffaylla Kultur Taldea. He collaborated with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11495,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11653","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11653"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11653"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11661,"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11653\/revisions\/11661"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imagovasconiae.eus\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}